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Summary• At least 183 civilians were killed and 903 injured in Ukraine in October. Forty-five per cent of those killed were older than 60 years. Among the casualties, nine children were killed and 49 injured.• Russian armed forces intensified their long-range drone (loitering munitions) attacks across the country, with over 1900 strikes reported throughout the month. The strikes or falling debris from the munitions’ interception killed 6 civilians and injured 21, and damaged civilian property and infrastructure. Beyond the loss of life and injuries, the near-daily frequency of these attacks, paired with constant air raid sirens, significantly disrupted civilian life.• 80 per cent of casualties in October occurred near the frontline, particularly from aerial bombardments, artillery shelling, MLRS strikes and short-range drone attacks, with the highest numbers in Kherson, Kharkiv and Donetsk regions.• The vast majority of civilian casualties (94 per cent) and damage to educational and health facilities (96 per cent) in October occurred in territory controlled by Ukraine.• At least six attacks struck vessels and seaport infrastructure in territory controlled by Ukraine (Odesa region) in October. One attack struck a port in territory occupied by the Russian Federation (Zaporizhzhia region).